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Dead trees continue to support forest ecosystems long after they stop growing. Standing trunks and fallen logs provide shelter, food and breeding sites for insects, birds, fungi and other organisms. As decomposers break down the wood,…

Thermal pollution occurs when industrial discharges, power plant cooling water and other human activities raise the temperature of rivers, lakes or coastal waters. Warmer water holds less dissolved oxygen and can disrupt the growth,…

Rivers carry sediment that helps shape channels, replenish floodplains and build coastal deltas. When dams trap sediment, excessive sand mining removes riverbed material or changing water flows disrupt its movement, the consequences can…

A sewage treatment plant uses screening, sedimentation, microorganisms and disinfection to remove contaminants from wastewater. But treatment does not eliminate every pollutant, and the resulting water and sludge still require careful…

A river can look clean and still be unhealthy. Scientists assess river health by measuring dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, nutrients and other water-quality indicators, while also studying aquatic organisms and river habitats. Because…

Dust is more than the particles that settle on roads and windowsills. Its size and composition determine how long it remains airborne, how far it travels and how deeply it can enter the respiratory system. From construction sites and roads…

When rain falls on a city, much of its journey is determined by roads, roofs, pavements, drains and the remaining areas of soil and vegetation. Impervious surfaces reduce infiltration and speed up runoff, while stormwater can collect…

Not all soils treat rainwater in the same way. Sand, silt and clay determine the basic texture of soil, while pore spaces, soil structure, organic matter and roots influence how quickly water enters and how much remains available to plants.…

Odisha’s sand dunes are more than piles of sand along the beach. Formed through the interaction of wind, sediment and vegetation, they act as natural physical barriers, provide habitat for specialised coastal species and, in some areas,…

October marks the transition from the southwest monsoon to the post monsoon season, a period when the Bay of Bengal becomes more favourable for low pressure systems and cyclones. Warm sea temperatures, changing wind patterns, moisture and…